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Post by Gregory Hewett on Mar 13, 2012 9:53:03 GMT 5.5
You have worked long and hard on your I-Search projects. Please post them here to share with your peers. Be sure to check the spacing prior to posting it.
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Post by vishnu on Mar 13, 2012 11:15:59 GMT 5.5
Vishnu 2012 Star Wars Star Wars; when people say Star Wars people usually think of Darth Vader, lightsabers, and Yoda; but nobody really knows how Star Wars was created. Nobody knows who George Lucas is or what Skywalker Ranch is. This paper is about the true history of Star Wars; not the plot storyline, but the actual story of how it was created. In the beginning of the school year Mr. Hewett told us that we would get to do a research project about anything we wanted; immediately after he said that I had my heart set on Star Wars as a topic, not the storyline, but the development of the movies and its evolution from movies to books to TV shows to video games. I first heard about Star Wars when I watched the first movie when I was 7 years old. Although I didn’t become obsessed with it till early 2011 when I thought about the actual idea and how incredible it was. I was never really a fan of the movies; I was more fascinated with the idea of a whole galaxy with animals, new vehicles, and new planets. I was amazed with the thought that one man had created a new galaxy to expand and change. Star Wars was and still is a phenomenon to behold. At first I wasn’t sure whether I would be able to do this topic because there wasn’t enough information; but one day when I was at my uncle’s house, he showed me this documentary called, “The People vs. George Lucas”. It was about the story of how Star Wars was made and how it became a franchise. After I watched a little bit, I knew that this movie would be one of my primary information providers if I got to do the topic I wanted when we actually started the project. I know usually people don’t use movies as sources of research for essays, but I think this movie will really help me with my research. When I first told my parents about the I-search and the topic I wanted to explore, they weren’t exactly supportive. They wanted me to do something nerdy like democracies or something I could impress Mr. Hewett with. After a little bit they realized that I wouldn’t do any topic except the history of Star Wars; so they went along with my idea. I can’t really blame them for not going for my topic, because I don’t think anyone has ever heard of a research paper being done about Star Wars. Although I hadn’t realized it yet I would probably need back-up topics in case I couldn’t find enough info for the development of Star Wars; but I just kept on daydreaming about the magnificent paper I would write about Star Wars. I didn’t give a single thought about any back-up topics until Mr. Hewett told us we needed at least three different topics to try out, but I’ll explain that later. The topic of Star Wars just came to me right as I learned of the I-search. It just “poofed” into my mind the second I heard of the I-search and after waiting for a few months I finally got started on the paper I had been daydreaming about so long. When we started we had to think about five questions about our topic that we would try to discover answers for during the research. The first one I thought of straight away, “What influenced George Lucas to come up with this idea?” I think that this question will be a major one because the actual idea of star wars isn’t something somebody thinks of for no reason. There had to be some reason to George Lucas’s idea, and I intended to find that out during my research. Another question I think I should pursue is, “where did George Lucas get the money to fund this huge enterprise?”, because I doubt it all came from his pocket. Another good question would probably be “How did Star Wars go from to being movies to a franchise with toys, action figures, and books?” I think that question is the one that I will spend the most time researching, because that question is pretty much what I wanted to research. Two more questions that I think I should focus on are, “How did people feelings for Star Wars change over the years?” and, “How has Star Wars changed since its creation?” These two questions are quite similar, yet they are different. They are different because one focuses on the changing of peoples’ feelings, and the other focuses on how the actual Star Wars enterprise has changed over the years. These questions are like the base for my topic, but I think I just might go beyond the questions and add some extra information. We also had to say what we know about the topic, but I don’t really know a lot about the development. I have already stated earlier pretty much all I know, but we also have to come up with wild guesses, and I have tons of those. One guess I have is that George Lucas stole money Another guess I have that could be true is that to fund his movie, but I think he would have been caught by now if he did that so I think I’ll cut that guess. George Lucas plagiarized somebody else’s work, but claimed that it was his. It could be possible that George Lucas copied the Star Wars idea from someone else, so I might look into that. So after thinking of the questions and wild guesses, I was finally ready to start the research. I also attached my I-search part 4 Attachments:
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Post by kaylee on Mar 13, 2012 20:05:15 GMT 5.5
I-Search Human Trafficking Kaylee Bridges Nine-year-old Williathe lived as a slave in Haiti before she came to Florida through human trafficking. Her owners’ hired a trafficker who smuggled her into Miami. The trafficker, posing as her mother, was able to hurry them through the airport security as easily as 1-2-3. When she learned she was moving to the U.S., Williathe thought she could experience a better life there, but oh how little Williathe was wrong. After arriving in Florida, she worked 16 hours a day- every day. She cooked, cleaned, worked for her mistress, and that wasn’t the worst of it. To put the icing on the cake, her master’s eldest son raped her. This true story, which occurred in 1996, is a perfect example of the injustice of human trafficking. I first became interested in this topic a few years back, when I learned about the Red Thread Movement. The Red Thread Movement is an organization established to help defeat human trafficking in Nepal and India. Selling bracelets of red thread made by “survivors” of human trafficking gave this organization its name. These bracelets are sold in the U.S. for three dollars (150 rupees) and this money is directly given to the girls that made them. This gives the girls a source of income and a way to support themselves economically. I heard about this organization from our preacher’s daughter, Brianna, a teenage girl who is a volunteer with the movement. Also, my brother came back from a program called Impact wearing one of the red bracelets and talking about the Red Thread Movement and human trafficking. Last Christmas, my cousin Evan, gave each of the girls in my family a Red Thread bracelet. So, I am extremely pleased that I get the chance to research this topic more, and learn all about it. I would love to see the end of trafficking in my lifetime. I mean, how would you like to have a stranger take you far away from all you know and love, and the people who love and care about you. You would have no one to take care of you, no one to calm the fear you have inside, and no one there to wrap his or her loving arms around you. This is the tragic dilemma facing many young ten to thirteen year old girls (like Williathe) who face this kind of live in the poor, overcrowded towns or cities such as in India, Thailand, or Nepal. I know that human trafficking is a horrible, evil, wretched thing. I also know that what causes the “need” for human trafficking is not too good either. Some of the causes are poverty, the need for more soldiers, payment of a debt, the need for camel jockeys, and more. The trafficking of humans is prohibited in most parts of the world because of the negative effects it has. Some of the effects on those trafficked are disease, physical injury, spiritual problems, and psychological problems from the years of abuse. This is all of what I know about the causes and effects of human trafficking. I know this information is true because of the research I have done up to this point. Also, the people who have talked about this subject to me have been working in organizations that help women who have been trafficked. These are some effects that I think are true. I think that violence is involved. Human trafficking is illegal. So, traffickers will protect themselves violently. I also think that some victims get addicted to drugs. If someone was going through trafficking they could lead themselves to believe that it could help them get through it. I think that most people who are trafficked are illiterate. Their owners wouldn’t treat them like regular children or take them to school. They wouldn’t get the opportunity to learn to read and write. These are some causes that I think are true. Could it possibly be a corrupt government? Could a certain government find sport in human trafficking? What if being an orphan would cause a person to become a more liable a target? Or, could it be that having too big of a family cause it too. I don’t have very many wild guesses, but these are the guesses I’ve come up with. Here’s one, a trafficked victim (if saved enough money) could buy his or herself freedom as an effect. Another one is, all traffickers were evil ever since their childhood. My first wild guess is worth looking in to, but the second one is probably not worth the time and effort to research. What countries are involved and how? What nationalities are preferred more to traffic and why? What are the different kinds of human trafficking? These are all important things I will need to know before I start my real research. Also, I will need to know if my wild guess is true. I also may need to know more true stories. Now remember, human trafficking is a horrible, evil, wretched thing. Human trafficking is a hard topic for someone who is in 6th grade (like me) to research because most people don’t expect kids that age to have a passion to research about it. Or to even know what it is for that matter. So I had to go to more advanced sources of information. Though that caused another problem, it also had more advanced vocabulary. But that was a simple fix; I just asked my parents what some words meant. Another problem I faced was that as soon as I knew where to look; I suddenly got too much information! So, I had to sift through all of it to see if it is the right information for my guiding question. As I had said before I have gotten a lot of information and as I was taking notes I found that most of the sites were repeating what the others just said. Such as “Human trafficking is a form of modern slavery.” Or “Traffickers use force, fraud, or coercion to capture their victims.” Most likely, all the sources that repeat like this are truthful. Since my guiding question is, “What are the causes and effects of human trafficking?” I found that there are many different perspectives for the causes. I found that some think the main cause of trafficking is poverty. Others think that it is because people need to pay off a debt. Still others (like myself) don’t think there is a main cause of why there is human trafficking in the world. There are also different perspectives on the effects; some may say that a physical problem is the worst effect. Though others (like me) believe that a psychological problem is worse for the victims. In the research I made there was an abundant amount of bias against human trafficking. Since I believed in it too it was harder to see the bias. I mean, if they wanted for people to read it, people don’t just write an article saying that trafficking is something that is ok to do. So they would have to be bias against it. But most people wouldn’t write that anyways. When I was researching I learned that getting multiple perspectives was the hardest, as well as looking for bias. When you pick a topic make sure that you are truly interested in it. Otherwise you might get bored with it. No matter what, never forget your guiding question. While you research you always refer back to your guiding question, so make sure it’s a good one! Human trafficking is a form of modern-day slavery. It has been defined as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means. (Human trafficking, 2007) There are many different causes and effects of human trafficking all over the world today. Human trafficking and human smuggling are related but different crimes, smuggling generally involves the consent of the person(s) being smuggled. These people often pay large sums of money to be smuggled across international borders. Once in the country of their final destination, they are generally left to their own devices. Smuggling becomes trafficking when the element of force or coercion is introduced. (Human trafficking, 2007) Trafficking abuses rights, undermines public health, and imposes large economic costs. It also, fuels organized crime and can breakdown families. Human trafficking was hidden from governments around the world for many years, only recently has it gained their attention. Poverty is linked to human trafficking. People in overpopulated regions where resources are scarce are vulnerable to traffickers. (Farrell, 2011) If the trafficking of humans is modern-day slavery, then there are between 27 and 60 million “enslaved” people in the world today most of which are poor. The “enslaved” victims face disease and injury from years of abuse, as well as psychological problems. Even today, the darkness and inhumanity of enslavement exists. Millions of people worldwide are held in compelled service, as well as thousands within the United States. (Obama, 2010) Anyone could be a victim of human trafficking. The victims are trapped by force, threats, or fear, making it almost impossible to just walk away. Victims can be abused in their own countries, or find themselves far from home and vulnerable. (Obama, 2010) Ethier way, it’s hard to imagine that there is a place of refuge. Human trafficking itself is the second largest criminal industry. Anyone could be a victim. Victims of human trafficking are young children, teenagers, men and women. The victims are subjected to force, fraud, or coercion, for the purpose of sexual exploitation or forced labor. (About human trafficking, 2000) Traffickers use various techniques to keep them enslaved. Some traffickers keep their victims under lock and key. However, the more frequent practice is to use less obvious techniques including, debt bondage, limiting contact with outsiders and making sure that any contact is monitored or superficial in nature, and isolation from family members. They also use confiscation of passports, visas and/or identification documents or use, threat of violence toward victims and/or families of victims, or control of the victims' money. (About human trafficking, 2000) Florida is one of the top destinations in the United States for victims to be trafficked. This modern-day slavery comes in many shapes and sizes. (Human trafficking and, 2011) Human trafficking is estimated to create $32 billion (1,581,130,000,000 rupees) profits annually, and there is no transnational organized group to stop it. Police officers must have special training to help stop it correctly. (Human trafficking and, 2011) All over the world there are many different examples of human trafficking each having many different causes and effects. Resources: Human trafficking. In (2007). Retrieved from www.nij.gov/topics/crime/human-trafficking/welcome.htmFarrell, C. (2011). Human trafficking. North Mankato, Minnesota: ABDO Publishing Company. Obama, B. (2010). Public papers of barack obama -- proclamation 8471—national slavery and human trafficking prevention month, 2010. In Retrieved from www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/presidential?id=pp400237About human trafficking. In (2000). Retrieved from www.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking/about/Human trafficking and organized crime In (2011). Retrieved from web.ebscohost.com/srck5/detail?sid=435c9f80-ae44-4f17-9e71-eb6301a97e70@sessionmgr11&vid=1&hid=127&bdata=JnNpdGU9c3JjazUtbGl2ZQ==
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Post by sigapi on Mar 13, 2012 20:13:01 GMT 5.5
Sigapi Muthiah Jan, 20, 2012 Social Networking “I hope you had a great time at school today.’’ “No, I didn’t have a good time at school today. As usual my friends were talking about Facebook and I didn’t understand anything. Why can’t you just get me a Facebook ID? I would be so happy and, I would have been in tears of joy!’’ “Sigapi, I have made this clear, you do not get a Facebook ID until you are 13. There is no point of arguing with me. The answer is an ‘NO’ I have had that conversation the 136th time already and I get the same answer from my mom. Facebook Facebook Facebook, I want Facebook, I need Facebook, All my friends have Facebook, Why don’t I have Facebook? Why does everyone else have Facebook? I don’t have Facebook Life is not fair It is not fair, not fair not fair. That’s a rhyme that plays in the back of my head all the time, and sometimes it pops up in the front of my mind and I can’t think of anything else but getting a Facebook ID. Why don’t I have Facebook? Well, because my parents think it’s unsafe, unsecure and dangerous. I also know it’s illegal to get a Facebook ID when you are 11, you can only get one when you are 13 or above. But almost every child in 6th grade has an ID. Facebook is also hot news in 6th grade, people talk about things like “The picture you posted on your wall in Facebook today was hilarious, I can’t wait to comment on it” and I just have to sit there trying to understand what they were saying. When did I ever hear of this word Facebook? Well, I first heard about the word Facebook when I was in third grade. I first thought you could just talk face to face with your friend. After some days when my sister was in 6th grade I heard her beg my parents for a Facebook ID. I had also heard it in school a couple of times, but I thought Facebook was similar to Gmail, video chat ; so I didn’t really care if I had an ID or not, until I figured out that it was a 1000 times cooler than Gmail. From that day on the word ‘Facebook’ echoes in my ears every day. Now, let me tell you why in the world I chose this topic when there were a 1000 more topics to choose from. I chose this topic because I was really curious of why my parents would not let me have a Facebook account, and why they think it’s unsecure, unsafe and dangerous for kids like me. I just finished my I-Search part 1 and now I am going to do I-Search part 2. So now let me tell you what my guiding question is: Why is social networking dangerous for kids who are under thirteen? I don’t know much of why social networking is dangerous, that’s why I chose this topic because I wanted to learn more about it. I was very curious why Facebook is unsafe, unsecure, and dangerous; I also wanted to know why my parents wouldn’t let me have an ID. I am a hundred percent sure that when you’re in Facebook many evil people will try to black mail you for money, but I barely have 500 bucks in my wallet so they probably won’t do that to me. I am also sure that younger people act as older people in Facebook; I know this for sure because kids my age have Facebook. I have also heard in the news that people have been robbed by burglars, because of social networking and Facebook. I know one small tip for you reader; if you are on Facebook don’t give much personal information. That’s all the information I know for sure. Because I don’t know much about why Facebook dangerous and I want to know why I can’t have one, so I am not sure about many things. I think people can kidnap you, and ask your parents for money, I think this is a possibility because when you give a lot of information about yourself they might stock you and kidnap you. That’s the best one I can think of that might happen. My wildest guess is that you maybe child laboured or even murdered, but you know that’s a wild guess. I also think that evil people would stock a really rich man, and will also stock his child if he/she were in Facebook and he would probably kidnap the child and ask their father (rich man) for money or they won’t give the child back. Ok I don’t think it’s worth the time exploring the murderer one, so I might just explore the other 2 on my wild guess list. I think the 5 most important things I need to know for this research is: Can kids get affected by their parent’s job? Can children be fooled by evil, older people? What is percentage of kids under 13 getting affected by social networking? In what ways can social networking be useful? Who started Facebook? And what purpose did he want to use it for? I chose these 5 questions because I think they are the key questions, I need to know to continue my research. I-Search part 3 is all about your research and how you came across hurdles in your topic. I had come across a lot of hurdles I couldn’t even dream of crossing; I came across so many I don’t know if I can list all of them; but I will try my best. And something awful had happened while I was doing my research; my internet broke at my house, which meant I couldn’t do my research at home. So in Mr. Hewett’s class I worked really hard. I also tried to spend as much as time I could to go to the library in lunch and snack recess. There is also two other major hurdles I came across. My first one is that I didn’t pay attention in class when Mr. Hewett was explaining that we couldn’t use Google for our research and we had to use our school websites. I had used Google, and in the middle of my research Mr. Hewett had to explain it to me again, and I started all over again. This caused me a lot of time and effort, I worked really hard at home and school; I needed to or than I couldn’t have my research complete. My second problem was that I am not really used to cross referencing my sites; it took so long to do it. And most of the websites I had found were opinions not facts. I didn’t really know how to deal with this problem I guess I just had to get used to it. I didn’t do so well in the research part of I-Search. Cross-referencing was really hard for me, but I had done my best. I was sure I can trust my information a lot because I got it from the school websites it also looked creditable to me. I have also cross referenced www.utexas.edu/its/secure/articles/social_networking.php this website with www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/article?id=ar752964&st=social networking with this website, because they had similar information. I had also cross referenced it with at least one other site. I could find what I am looking for when I use the schools websites, I didn’t find too much junk. Here is some advice I am going to give to the future sixth graders. So when you start the research make sure you are truly interested in that topic. Don’t pick a topic that is too complicated like: How touch screens work? Because if you pick a topic like that I don’t think you will find a satisfied answer, it’s too hard for a sixth grader; people have to specialize in something for that. Use the school library catalogue and the school websites to get your information it’s more trustworthy and accurate. Also make sure you cross-reference your sites because you don’t want to give people wrong information. Social Networking is potentially dangerous for children. There are both good and bad points in social networking. What is social networking? Social networking is a type of networking service on internet, which creates a community among its users. This community is built by members to connect with other members and to share common interest. Most social networking sites ask the member to create a profile. “A profile could include biographical information, blogs and comments, photos, videos, and music. A member might list personal likes and dislikes—such as favourite movies or music—on a profile. The site's software then enables users to find others with similar profiles, creating links between users” (Johns, 2012). How did social networking evolve? The earliest social networking sites developed in mid 1990's. In 2003 a social networking site called Friendster, had launched. By late 2005 MySpace another social networking website, had gained more popularity then Friendster. In 2006, a new social networking site called, Twitter had launched and had become very famous. A social networking site called, Facebook, created by Mark Zuckerberg, was introduced in 2004. In the beginning only students from Ivy League schools and Harvard only were allowed to use it, but quickly Facebook had expanded to colleges and universities around the world. By late 2006 Facebook had opened its membership to anyone who was 13 or older. Facebook had eclipsed all the other social networking websites. Good points/advantages about social networking, finding and making new friends online using social networking websites. Social Networking gave students the opportunity to connect with other college/university students. Students at universities around the world chronicle their lives to building online profiles and sharing personal information, photograph, and opinions in order to connect with new people (2010 October, 08). Use of these sites is to stay in touch, to express you openly, that’s great; “While the ability to create online communities has been valuable, social networking websites have created concerns about user privacy.” (Carvel 2008) Bad points/dangers of social networking, “While you can meet new friends online, you may also come in contact with malicious people misrepresenting themselves” (2010 October, 08). These are the people who you don’t want to see- internet thieves, sexual predators and most importantly paedophiles. They will have access to all your personal information and will misuse them to your shock and dismay. “In addition, profiles are widely available, and sites can occasionally be used by criminals to find and target victims or to prey upon the young” (Johns, 2012). One other big danger is the overlooked information you post on a social networking site may reveal indiscretions and worse to future employs and college professors. Some people have been withdrawn because of the information posted on a social networking site. Students have been suspended and expelled for escapades and threats posted online. Social networking doesn’t always have to be dangerous. It can be safe and useful in many ways. Social networking is potentially dangerous because children have innocently posted personal information, on their pages such as: their house address and their phone number, they also post embarrassing or compromising photos of themselves. These websites are most dangerous for children because they don’t yet know the real world and its dangers. That’s why in most social networking sites there is an age limit; 13 is the youngest age limit for a social networking site. They have estimated around 750,000 children using sites that are meant for teenagers and adults-it is potentially exposing them to risky communications with strangers. Hence, it is hazardous for children under the age of 13 to be a part of the social networking cites, although it may seem exciting and fun, as they could be deceived into sharing their personal information with strangers. Those whom the children regard as friends may be paedophiles that have profiles on social networks just for the fun of abusing children. Others might use the children to get information about their parents that could harm the latter. All in all children under the age of 13 are unaware of the dangers in today’s world. Therefore it would be safer for them to avoid such enterprises before they become teenagers. It is dodgy for teenagers too but they are better informed about the real world due to past experiences. References Jones, S. (2012). Social networking website. In Social networking website Chicago: World Book Advanced. Retrieved from www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/article?id=ar752964&st=social networking(Johns, 2012) Why is face book dangerous. (2011, June 21). Retrieved from www.successclick.com/why-facebook-is-dangerous_2011_06_21/("Why is face," 2011) Danger of social networking. (2010, October 08). Retrieved from www.utexas.edu/its/secure/articles/social_networking.php("Danger of social," 2010) Carvel, J. (2008, August 07). Children evade social websites. Retrieved from www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/aug/07/socialnetworking.facebook(Carvel, 2008) Sandler, C. (2010). Living with the internet and online dangers. (p. 164). New York: (Sandler, 2010) BOOK:
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ilari
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Post by ilari on Mar 14, 2012 12:34:27 GMT 5.5
Ilari Ariel Pajula March/5/2012 Pirates Pirates… people that you mostly hear about in tales. For me, that is a very hard topic to ignore when thinking for an idea for a research project. Just recently I saw a documentary about one of the world’s first famous pirates, Black Sam Bellamy. Immediately I was intrigued by the show. Then when Mr. Hewett told us that we were doing an I-search, almost automatically I knew what my topic would be. I had a couple of other topics that came into mind when thinking about a possible topic, such as ninjas’ or samurais’. But the thought about researching pirates was too overwhelming against my other ideas. So my topic was decided… pirates. I thought about my topic constantly, and yes, it sounded the best to me. There was so much information about these mid-sea dwellers that I could not believe it, but yet they were so mysterious. Having watched a lot of pirate movies, like the Pirates of the Caribbean series and other films, helped me choose my topic by building an amount of interest on the subject. These movies had suspense and action, which really pumped me up, they made an impact on the way I looked at pirates and who they were. The pre-search was easily completed with a variety of sources to choose from, I got the pre-search form finished on the first day it was handed out. With all my work done so far I decided to open up the two books I got, and do a bit of light reading on my subject. The two books I chose gave an amazing amount of info, as well as my chosen internet sites. I managed to get a little taster from the books I read, that little taster changed the thought of the tales and myths that were written about pirates, after reading, pirates were dirty, greedy, throat-cut mongrels with no hearts… now that made my topic even more interesting! I am keen on the question, “How did these pirates make themselves known all over, even in the modern world?” Well that would be hard to answer because obviously, there aren’t any of those pirates left to ask; but it would be possible to retrace those reasons from books and sources written on them, just like in a paleontologist, but digging for information. I wonder if any famous pirates went down in history because of their personalities rather than their achievements? I know pirates for the battles they engage in the middle of the sea! That is one of the reasons why I chose my topic; I get to write about terrific battle scenes that actually occurred! I am interested in pirates in so many ways it would take me days to list all the questions I have about them, so read on if you, as the reader, have questions too. I have heard a bit about pirates, from books, stories, and mostly movies. So gathering all my information on that I can give an educated guess about some details. Basically pirates are ocean bandits, boarding ships, and stealing the loot. They then usually killed or left the rest of the enemy crew out in the middle of nowhere with no food supplies. Sensibly, they had battle ships armed to the teeth with cannons, guns, knives and all kinds of other weaponry ideal for making a quick attack, or getaway! Those are some things I am sure of, but there are also things that might as well be true. When I think of pirates, an image comes to mind (maybe because I have been watching too many movies) of sturdy beings with a dirty uniforms standing on a wrecked deck of a ship. Spending many months on an old-fashioned wooden ship would be too much for me, and I’m pretty sure almost everyone would agree, because it would get pretty dirty. So I’m guessing that the living quarters in a pirate ship were pretty disgusting. How would people on the ship then cope with that? I am almost confident that diseases broke out regularly, decreasing the crew on pirate ships. Those were the questions I wasn’t sure with, but might be true. Then there are those questions that a kindergartener might ask, or “crazy questions!” I wonder if some of the tales about pirates are true, like, “Did pirates really bury their treasure?” , or, “Use treasure maps to find treasure?” are those just a stories made up for small children? Or perhaps, “Were pirates always so throat-cut and vile like in most stories?” maybe that just depended on personality. Maybe some pirates were always just stories and not reality? Who knows- with some research I could find out. Not knowing much about pirates, I need to really research some questions on them, like “How did pirates in their golden age live?” or “What did crew have to live with while onboard?” And a question I am really interested in, “What drove these pirates into mugging ships in the open ocean?” Was it to gain money, or to achieve fame? Whatever that answer is, it is to be extremely interesting to me! Imagine if you had to explain why you took this trip?Tthat would be a hard question to answer for some. Those were the questions that I really needed to know. Now I am ready for my research! The research is the hardest thing in the I-search so far. Writing page by page of information, and looking for bias text. I was surprised by the amount of information; I was able to gather up and use. Anyway, getting to the point, books were my number one source of information, I used them to gather possibilities in bias and general information on my subject. Books were already edited quite thoroughly while they were in the making process, what was the point in cross-referencing two books? Well… nothing, but it was ideal to use my books for cross-referencing websites, because books have been looked through and the information in them is usually right, no guarantee. That filtering was harder than I thought, I had to read my books and compare them to the sources on my Google Docs, that took quite some time. In the end I had deleted most of the useless information and highlighted important information which I would use in part 4. Looking for information on the web was also a tricky part. At first we had to use the schools online subscriptions, which was annoying because about half of the sites didn’t work! Britannica Online Wikipedia was the best site for my research, because it worked fantastically, and was the most user-friendly according to me. When I searched “pirates” it had various results, some of them were about movies and books written on them, but after a while of digging through the pages I found some good reliable information on my topic. I included some of the world’s best know pirate’s biographies for my notes because I thought that they would include some main points in my research, they would help me cross reference and check my notes, and it would then help me with part 4 of I-search. Bias, that was a hard part! Bias basically means “An opinion that has been written down as a fact!” That is a very simple way to say it, but finding bias in written text can be very hard. At first I thought that bias is going to be easy because I had already gathered one bias statement. But after editing and reading it over and over again, I wasn’t satisfied with it, so I set off trying to find another sample. I used a technique of writing down or high-lighting the biases in the notes, and then in the end choosing the best one to present, leaving the other ones behind. Finally I found an almost perfect bias statement in my notes, I think what took me a while in searching for a bias was actually understanding what the word meant! Part 3 of I-search was a time to actually wrap up that research of mine and put the research in research project. I’m happy with what I got done and I am ready to move onto answering those questions I had! Finally the time has come to answer those questions we had from the start, the final part of the i-search, to put some detail into my thesis. Conducting a thesis wasn’t much work after studying my subject till infinity, so I hope the I-search would really be a time to clear out the questions on Pirates. Here is the thesis I constructed: Pirates in the golden age of piracy lived a harsh and crude life where the rules were simply “no prey no pay.” They affected global trade and caused chaos in the places they went to. Pirates were a threat to communities, they took their place as the bandits of the sea. I am going to start by defining the kind of condition that the pirates at that time had to live in. Here is a small caption from a blog to help answer that question. Cindy, V. (2001). Oh to be a pirate . Retrieved from www.cindyvallar.com/bepirate.html “Life aboard a sailing ship was anything but comfortable. Seamen lived in cramped and filthy quarters. Rats gnawed through anything, including a ship’s hull. Food spoiled or became infested, and fresh water turned foul. One staple of most ships was hard tack, which seaman often ate in the dark to avoid seeing the weevils that infested the square biscuits. To soften hard tack and make it more palatable, cooks might soak and boil them in rum and brown sugar to create a porridge-like mixture.” (Cindy, 2001) A pirate’s life was a hard life, definitely not preferred. Most of the pirates were forced to work on ships. (Cindy, 2001) Sometimes young men were chosen by their parents to join a crew of a ship, after years the son might have a higher role on the ship and would sometimes develop to become the captain or quartermaster, this is what happened to buccaneer Captain Sir Henry Morgan. (Kathleen Krull, 2010) Pirates got their loot by robbing merchant ships and small towns along the coast. When robbing ships pirates usually flew a friendly flag so that they could get close to the ship, then at the very last moment they would then raise their bloodcurdling pirate flag. Usually ships would surrender without a fight and give over the goods, most pirate crews would leave the other ship crew unharmed, however this was not always the situation. The pirates would then ride away with the booty (goods stolen.) Each pirate got a fair share of the booty and battle wounds were paid for. (Discovery Channel) The golden age of piracy was clearly the time pirates’ best thrived in business and had accomplished huge feats in the world of robbery. Even though pirates did not have the luxuries in life they made millions in cash and managed to get their names in history. Nowadays pirates go upon doing their normal business in a different way. Governments have become stronger and have tried to prevent piracy as best as then can to ensure safety for the people, but still every month pirates steal the headlines. Sources: World Book Online www.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar432060&st=piratesBritannica Encyclopedia school.ebonline.com/comptons/article-206577?query=pirates&ct=nullPirates and Privateers www.cindyvallar.com/bepirate.htmlLives of the Pirates (Kathleen Krull,2010) A Thousand years of Pirates(William Glickerson,2009)
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joy
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Post by joy on Mar 14, 2012 18:21:55 GMT 5.5
Joy Tay I-search Project I had a hard choice choosing my topic! After all that trouble, I finally decided that my topic should be the history of basketball. I chose this topic as I enjoy playing basketball very much. It is one of my favourite sports that I like to play. I chose my topic as I would rather enjoy researching on this topic then other topics. I also chose this as I want to know how it all started, who started it, and when did the sport came about. I also want to find out more about the sport. I think the next few weeks ahead, I would still enjoy to research on this following topic. How I got my topic? I had to think hard…….. How was I going to choose a topic interesting to me, to research on. A million thoughts raced through my mind. I started thinking about all the things that I liked to do. Mr. Hewett said that we had to bring at least 2-3 ideas for our topic to school, incase our topic was too broad or too narrow. Finally, after a few days of thinking I came up with 3 ideas. The day after, Mr. Hewett brought us to the library to start our pre-search; finding books in the library. I started looking for my first topic I chose: Extinct Marine animals. I tried to find books in the library catalog on the computer. Unfortunately, all that popped up was a book about sea monsters. I went to talk to Mr. Hewett about this. He thought that the idea was too broad and asked me to consider changing topics. I eventually decided to change my topic. This time I asked Mr. Hewett if the topic was too broad or narrow, first. He said it was fine, and I could start searching for a book about my topic. After that, I felt like banging a book on the table, there was no book in the library about Netball, my second topic. I told Mr. Hewett again in a solemn voice. He told me to consult the librarian and ask if she can find a book about Netball locally. I went over to the library to ask her about the book, she said she will try and tell me the following day if she could find it. The next day, I we went to the library again and I went to see her. After listening to her response I felt like a huge weight had been lifted on me. I hoped so hard that my third topic would work. This topic was similar to my second topic but instead I chose a more common sport. That was when everything was finally working to plan. I found two interesting books and borrowed them. I also filled up the pre-search form that Mr. Hewett asked us to fill up; in the worksheet we had to come up with a guiding question. That was when all my ideas started flowing! My topic is about the history of basketball. I want to find out more about the history, and I do not know much yet. What I know is that the game involves elements of American football, soccer, and hockey, and the first ball used was a soccer ball. I also know that it was created in 1891. I know that basketball is a very famous sport now. I understand this information as I read it from a book before. I knew these facts because my P.E. teacher in Singapore told me some facts about basketball. But I know more about the game of basketball. It is actually one of my favourite sports. Basketball is a game where there are two main positions, attacking and defense. The aim of the game is to shoot as many goals in a net as possible without breaking the rules. You definitely have to have teamwork and communicate with your teammates properly. Communication is very important; without communication the whole team would not be successful. I think that boys started playing basketball first before the girls started playing basketball. I think of this as most boys have more experience in basketball then girls. Basketball should be one of the more popular sports at that time, as there were not so many sports then. It also might be one of their favourite pastimes back then. Some of my wild guesses are that I think basketball was made only for boys, and then girls started playing basketball much later after. I also consider that basketball competitions happened quite a few years after the sport was invented. They might have a bit of trouble making the court lines and making the rules of the game. At that time, there might be fewer players in a team in the past and more players now. I would take time to research on some of my wild guesses like finding out when the first basketball competition started. I want to research and see if they had trouble making the lines too! I want to learn more about who invented the sport in the research we are going to do. I also want to learn if basketball was actually for boys first, then later girls. Do you know how many players there were in the past? Well, I want to find out. I also want to find out what countries were good at basketball in the past, and if they are still good now. I would take plentiful of time searching this part, because I’m curious to know this. I hope that I can accomplish finding all this information in the research, we are going to do. Finding information was quite easy in the beginning, but as you go on you will find out that it becomes harder. We had to look at certain sites, that Mr. Hewett gave us to look for information. When searching, we had to use key words to make it easier to search. Unfortunately, for me there was only one suitable result in that particular site. I had a bit of trouble finding other information in other sites that Mr. Hewett suggested. Until, I looked at the sites in the library catalogue, that Mr. Hewett said we could use. There I found a lot more information about my topic. When we were searching, I had to make sure I cited all the websites I used to find the information. I also had to read the information I got, and compare it to the other information found in the other sites. We compared it by looking at the repeated information we found, to check if the information is the same and reliable. We must also make sure that not all the information you find is bias. Sometimes the information you find is different. At this unfortunate time, you have to compare that statement with the other cites you have chosen. One of the information that I found in my research, that I thought was bias is when they said that players who paid the most money can play in more than one team and in more leagues. I find this bias as if poor people were really good in basketball don’t get to play in more teams or leagues; whereas rich people who are not so good get much more chances then poor people. This makes the writer of this sound like he prefers richer people to play than those who are poor. In my research when they say that there was no limit in the number of people in the teams. There are many multiple perspectives in this statement. I agree with them that it would be very messy with so many people as it might get super rowdy. It also might lead to serious injury. Other teammates also might feel left out as there are too many people to pass to, they might not even be able to touch the ball and might burst out anger and might get into a fight. Another perspective is when there are less people the team members get to meet fewer friends and work with a team with less people. They also might include more people as to lower the number of games each day, so everyone can play. Overall, my advice to you is that when researching you should only use key words so that it is easier. Never, think about searching Google to find a bit more information, because not all the information on the web is safe. While you are searching, you should think about your guiding question; and try to start looking for some examples of people being bias. Don’t go wondering of your topic, stick to it and you will be fine! We have been spending weeks finding the information we needed for I-search part 4. It was quite a hassle finding necessary information for this part. Basketball was around since 1891, and now it is one of the most popular sports. The original game is very similar to the way we play basketball today. It all started in 1891, when James Naismith was assigned to create indoor activities for students at YMCA, a training school in Springfield, Mass. All the students over there, who were training to be P.E. teachers, were bored doing nothing but calisthenics and gymnastics during winter. These were the only indoor sports they could think of. They longed for action and competition. Then Dr. Naismith thought of a great idea. That is where ("Basketball history ," ) all started. He combined the elements of outdoor games like, soccer and lacrosse with the concept of a game called Duck on Rock. It was one of the games he played in his childhood. How to play Duck on Rock? Well, the objective of the game is to throw stones to hit a target placed on top of a large boulder. Most sports only need a ball and an elevated goal. These objects are the simple ingredients of the sport that now has players and rabid fans in nearly every part of the world. Initially, there was no limit on the number of people who could play in a basketball game. ( “History of basketball , “) Some historians that saw this reported that more than 50 people at a time played in a game. This made the sport basketball very rough at that time. It looked like a Rugby scrum. In 1990, it was agreed that five members per side was enough on the court at one time. A method of basketball called jump balls were the most common play in the early years of basketball. The jump was used after every basket and also after the ball went out of bounds. Out of all the center jumps in the game, and having to retrieve the ball from the basket, the game was much slower than the modern version. In 1930, the rules changed eliminating the jump ball after each basket. Everyone celebrated. The early baskets had no backboards, so it was like a netball hoop. In 1896, wooden backboards were added. It was added to prevent fans in the balcony from interfering with the ball. They also concluded that climbing a ladder after every goal was such a huge hassle. Open rims replaced baskets too. Nets were added to slow the ball down and help officials for the game determine if the ball had actually gone through the rim. As basketball was played on dance floors or in social halls, wire cages were placed around the court to protect spectators who sat in chairs around the court. In a result to this, the wire cages caused cuts and scrapes to the players and some spectators. All the players rejoiced when the wire was replaced with rope netting. Until now, basketball players are referred as “cagers”. Dr. Naismith had intended basketball to be a non-contact game rather than brute strength. Early basketball games were very physical. It was all depending on the player’s strength, those players were the most successful in those times. Some YMCAs determined the sport was too rough to be played in their facilities. This led to the start of pro basketball. In 1869, a team in Trenton, New Jersey, could not play at the local YMCA. They all decided to rent a Masonic Hall for a game, charge admission and split whatever proceeds were left. Each of the players made fifteen dollars while the captain of the winning team made sixteen dollars. There were no salary caps that we know if in those days. The first pro league was formed in 1898. Many leagues came and went during the next fifty years. Players often played for more than one team in more than one league depending on who was paying the most money. This was the age of brainstorming, traveling around the country and being paid to play against the local teams. After basketball was invented, colleges were quick to form teams and challenge nearby schools for games. The Ivy League schools like Yale, Harvard, Cornell, and Princeton formed some of the earliest college leagues. In 1937, some basketball writers in New York decided to stage a tournament and name a national collegiate basketball champion. The first National Invitation Tournament was in Madison Square Garden in 1938. The team, Temple became the first national champion. Some of the coaches felt the national tournament should be more centralized. In 1939, they started their own tournament. The NCAA took over this tournament and it eventually grew into March Madness, one of the major sporting events of the year in the United States. This was the beginning of US dominance in Olympic basketball. In the early years, the game spread to the corners of the world through YMCA and service men. The Fédération Internationale de Basketball Amateur (FIBA) was formed by eight nations in 1932. Today, FIBA oversees international competition involving 212 national basketball federations. FIBA estimates that 450 million people play basketball. During the early 2000’s, other countries began to challenge the supremacy of the United States in international basketball. This is where the ( “History of basketball , “) continues. In 2004, Summer Olympic Games (Athens), Greece, American men’s team failed to win the gold medal for the first time. The American men finished third, with Argentina winning the gold medal. The American women’s team won the gold medal in Athens for the third consecutive Summer Games. Players from other countries increasingly made an impact on NBA. A few non-American players succeeded in the NBA in 1990s, like Toni Kukoc (Croatia) and Arvydas Sabonis (Lithuania). The number of players increased during the early 2000’s. In 2002, Chinese center Yao Ming became the first non-American player selected first in the NBA draft. He was also one of the tallest players in basketball. The game basketball has progressed since 1891, and it still stays quite similar to the original version. There are many teams out in the world now competing with each other, and having fun playing the sport. After weeks of researching, I have learnt a lot from all the information I found, and overall it was worth while researching about all this information. Cites: ( “History of basketball , “): Thompson, R. (n.d.). History of basketball . Retrieved from www.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar048620&st=basketball("Basketball history ," ): Basketball history . (n.d.). Retrieved from www.sportsknowhow.com/basketball/history/basketball-history.shtml
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alice
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Post by alice on Mar 14, 2012 19:09:11 GMT 5.5
Alice Park Jan.20, 2012 History of Development of Cell Phone Here is the world of fascinating technology that has developed since the beginning of the humans. Most of people have their own cell phone, and recent phones have marvelous applications, such as free message app and free – language support for foreigners. For the past one and half year I spent in Chennai, I was surprised to see how technology has developed in Korea and all over the world. I had my own mobile since I was 9 years old. It was simple slide phone, but I always kept it with me, because it was so amazing for me. When I turned to 10, I found out that my friend had a touch phone, and I was surprised at so many applications it had. From that time, I was attracted to cell phone. As I grew up, I knew that there are different kinds of cell phone with various designs, cost, and functions. But my personal best was Internet, and it is still Internet. My phone also had connection to Internet, but once I used my friend’s phone for Internet, I could see the difference in reading in tiny screen and wide screen which made a big difference. Her screen was wide and clear, that made me feel bad about my cell phone that seemed comparatively old. At 11, I moved to Chennai. During first few weeks, I didn’t have any cell phone. My mother got me a new phone when I went to 5th grade. It was even more old-fashioned phone. I felt my cell phone technology was turning back to past as I got older. One of my friends had a touch phone and another had a phone that looked similar to my phone in Korea. Compared to those my phone looked old and I hated it. I tried to decorate my phone setting as pretty as possible, but anyway it was problem of technology. Maybe it was at that time when I felt my old phone was the best. It looked like my cell phone history was going to get changed as my mom bought me a phone that had much more wide screen. But after few weeks, my friend changed her phone to Galaxy. As I looked at her phone, I envied her not for how cool she looks when she uses it but for its application. I liked all application from her phone, but what I liked most was the application called “Kakao Talk”, the free message service anywhere Internet is available. When I searched about Kakao Talk in Internet, I found out that Kakao Talk is spread around the world with many languages supported by it. It can send pictures and video and group chat was also possible. Most important thing was that all those service were absolutely free! My interest to cell phones increased tremendously. I thought of phones that might be at future could be different from the phones of the past. I wanted to know from when the text message service was available, who made the first cell phone, and why and how that person got an idea to make cell phone. My thoughts got stronger when Mr. Hewett announced that we are going to write about topic of our choice. When he told us to choose the topic we want to work on, I chose the history of cell phone (mobile). There were other topics that I could choose. One was about aliens and the other was about history of TV. I got my interest in aliens and UFOs by reading a book about them. From my childhood I have interest in mystery and technology. So it was really a challenge to pick one from above three subjects. I wondered which topic to choose. So I thought of the subject that I am most interested in – technology. TV was not so interesting in my life, because our family doesn’t watches TV. Regarding aliens, I was not sure about my interest whether I want to research or my liking if only for fun. Even though I like aliens and mystery, the idea that came into my mind when Mr. Hewett asked us for a topic was history of cell phone. That’s how I got a topic – The History of Development of Cell Phone. I am sure that all devises were invented to serve some purpose which we may not be able to comprehend in the beginning because of the technology involved. I don’t know how those works, but I am sure many of us wouldn’t know either. For example, telephone was invented for faster communication, and cell phone was invented for convenient communication and messaging between people who are always on the move. I can guarantee every invention of this world was created for reasons, because every invention is used by people right now. I have a book in my house which traces the origin of many technical devises including mobile phones. Mobile phone is a wonderful invention, but early mobile phones weren’t cool compared to phones we use now. They were too huge and heavy to carry and also they were ugly. It seems like a Cinderella story that the mobile phones have turned cool over the period. Now it is slim and light. I believe cell phones weren’t popular when they were first invented. Nobody will like big and simple box shape heavy material. Another reason was the cost of the instrument as well as the utilization charged. I have heard that it cost Rs.16 per incoming call! Whereas it is free in a land line. So it was thought that mobile phone was for riches in the beginning. It is true that not all the models of mobile phones are success there are some failures too. If I have to think about the failed models then I can come to one conclusion that it is mainly because it was not liked by people either because of the design or its utility value. What I want to research about is “How inventor got idea of manufacturing phone and various applications that mobiles have” because personally I am interested in questions like these. I guess mobile phone was made by people who worked for telephone companies for Government /Defense employee who were remote from their headquarters and were not able to communicate. There is also another question to ponder. If we can find about why mobile phones were invented then the question arises is why application was developed. It is possible to think that when the phones got smarter people started looking for other services a phone could do apart from speaking and texting. I could visualize texting as a form to send information to others in an easy way. Some of the natural application I could think of going along with phone is music since people switched from walkman to mp3 players it looks natural that phone can have music since everybody could listen to music anywhere. Another application is the games. As the phone became smarter gaming in phone became hotter. It would be a cool thing to play games anywhere and hence “Angry Birds” is a hit among smart phone users. But, why was Bluetooth invented? I want to focus on “why” and “how” the cell phone was developed, instead of “what” and “when” it was developed. I will research both about the outlook of the cell phone and application it has. If I can, I want to research about failed models, first phone with texting service (and other services that are popular now), and famous company which makes mobile phone. I have been doing some research on the history of cellular phone, and I got information from different sites that were sorted as reliable like encyclopedia and the school library. But it was hard to sort the information from the website, because all the sites were not so reliable, and some sites has the disclaimer that “This information is from some other reliable site” to trick people. One of them was Wikipedia, and other was Google. Google had so much information and believing all that could be definitely wrong. So I used sites the school has recommended to use. Another problem that I had during research was that I didn’t get the book recommended by Mr. Hewett at right time. I had two books that could have been helpful, but one book wasn’t in the library, and another book was already being used by someone. So I have to use cross – reference, the information that was written in many different sites. I used the popular sites such as Google or some other unreliable sites like personnell blogs. I read and compared it to other information through which I was able to get accurate information. As I researched, I really couldn’t find bias, because it was hard to get a bias from history. There were information about who made the first wireless phone company, but they didn’t included anything about something that is saying one cell phone is best. I used my background information in multiple perspectives for cellular phones. For example, some people see cell phone as a fantastic invention, but some people – especially adults – think cell phone as communication devices or device which makes people glue to it and not let them do other jobs. Not all people think they need cell phone in their life, but many people think cell phone is necessary these years. Some think cell phone might lead students to wrong path like chatting with their friends, and another group of people are trust cell phone as a useful devise for emergency only. But there wasn’t big difference between perspectives while I research. This was another big problem that I had to face. While I was researching, I got advice for the 6th graders that we should not research on broad topic such as “basketball” or not to have a narrow topic like “what did Edison do when he was young”. Secondly the person researching should know the topic in which they want to do research as it is very difficult to change the topic after having decided on the topic. Third advice is that we should be confident and we should not get stressed about researching or worried because we are facing bias, multiple perspectives, or writing without enough information. Lastly, I recommend them to highlight the important information from the research, so that they can compare with others easily. In addition we should also know that it is not easy and research of this kind has not been done before. Cell phones are used from lot of people around the world, and its development is getting faster and faster as time passed. The thing that interested me was first, how it looks, and second, what it had. "What it had" is application that gets developed and unpredictable as time pass. Now, kindergarteners also use cell phone, and this proves how big the impact did cell phone made. First introduction of cell phones was done in 1915. This is "formal" starting of history of cellular phones. First commercial mobile phone was made in Japan, 1975. In 1983, first commercial mobile phone went into operation in US. As I predicted, first cell phones were large, expensive, and unreliable, and this lead less consumers to buy cell phone. But as technology improved, phones became smaller, cheaper, and smarter, and this increased consumers. Now, mobile phones are replacing computer in most areas. Michael Faraday, an analytical scientist first find out space can conduct electricity in 1843. Cell phones work in particular area each with one or more frequencies. Several areas are broken into smaller geographic areas, which also has tower for transmitting and receiving. Each tower has different frequencies that can be reused. So when caller gets out the area where frequencies are available, it is unable to connect. Dr. Martin Cooper, formal general manager of Motorala, invented first portable handset, and also was first person to make a call on cell phones. He set up base station in New York and worked on Motorola Dyna. In 1973, people start using cell phones by Motorola Dyna. Also in 1977, commercial test of cell phones begin. People also developed new application for cell phone in 1988. Mobile market of US increased from 3 million dollars to 30 billion dollars in 25 years. Earlier cell phones used analog technology was called as AMPS, and 1G means first generation in cellular phone. They used exclusive frequencies in area with diameter of 20km. Cell phones start using 2G (second generation) technology or digital signals from 1990. 2G provided greater amount of call in available frequency area. Handsets also became smarter by containing camera, few games, and radio. 3G (third generation) started from 2000, with increased bandwidth and aster transfer speed. WiFi and AWS were made at this period. WiFi, is the service which internet connection is available. Transferring data from computer to mobile is also possible. AWS is advanced wireless service at 1710 1755 and 2110 – 2155 MHz. Advanced phones also can share pictures. In 2006, the characteristic of 4G(fourth generation) is still under debate. It’s about including bigger bandwidth, faster speed of transfer, and other wireless technologies – WiFi or WiMAX (covers broader service area than WiFi). Smart phone, which is popular now, has application likes clock, calculators, internet browsers and memo pad. This is very big difference with early phones. As I researched about history of cell phone, I found out how cell phones were developed from big, heavy and useless to light, slim and necessary. Cell phones were not popular at first, but as time passes and people work on developing better model of cell phones, people were able to get lighter and slimmer phones with useful applications. Even now, cell phones are in process of developing. I am still wondering how it will change when I became adult. Credits "The Cellular Telephone." Inventions and Discoveries. World Book, 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. Matolak, David W. "Cellular telephone." World Book Student. World Book, 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. "telephone." Britannica Student Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2012. Web. 28 Feb. 2012. smartphone: Google Nexus One, and Apple iPhone, 2010. Photograph. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Web. 28 Feb. 2012. The history of..cell phones. In FCC. Retrieved from transition.fcc.gov/cgb/kidszone/history_cellphone.htmlat Feb. 6 EBSCOhost. Retrieved from search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=funk&AN=CE080250&site=srck5-live(2007). The columbia electronic encyclopedia (6th ed.). Columbia: Fact monster. Retrieved from www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0811052.htmlR, H. (n.d.). Cellular telephony. In Funk & wagnalls new world encyclopedia
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